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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| c. 480 BC |
| | | Kritios sculpts a naturalistic male nude, now the earliest surviving masterpiece in a central tradition of Greek art | |
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| c. 446 BC |
| | | Phidias sculpts a huge statue of the goddess Athena, to be the central feature of the new Parthenon | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| c. 320 |
| | | Roman mosaic is at its most lavish in the floors of Piazza Armerina, in central Sicily | |
|  | Piazza Armerina, Sicily
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| 843 |
| | | The central Frankish kingdom, Francia Media, becomes one of the great fault lines of European history | |
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| c. 1220 |
| | | Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe | |
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| 1237 |
| | | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1298 |
| | | The authorities in Siena publish strict regulations for the design of the buildings around a new central piazza, the Campo | |
|  | Siena
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